Explore biology, one topic at a time.
Discover biology from Class 11 and 12 fundamentals to bachelor’s core and advanced subjects, master’s specializations, modern emerging fields, and research preparation. Choose a topic to explore its course outline and lessons as they become available.
Biology topics and courses
Search the directory or filter by academic level to find a subject.
The Living World
Understand the diversity of life, taxonomy and the characteristics of living organisms.
Biological Classification
Explore the systems used to classify organisms into hierarchical groups.
Plant Kingdom
Study the major groups of plants and their distinctive features.
Animal Kingdom
Learn the classification and characteristic features of major animal phyla.
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Examine the external structure of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits.
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Study the internal tissues and organisation of flowering plants.
Structural Organisation in Animals
Explore animal tissues, organs and organ systems with examples.
Cell: The Unit of Life
Understand the structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Biomolecules
Study the structure and biological roles of major biomolecules.
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Learn the stages of the cell cycle and the processes of mitosis and meiosis.
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Explore the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Respiration in Plants
Understand how plants break down organic molecules to release energy.
Plant Growth and Development
Study growth patterns, differentiation and the role of plant hormones.
Digestion and Absorption
Explore the human digestive system and the process of nutrient absorption.
Breathing and Gas Exchange
Understand the mechanism of breathing and exchange of gases in humans.
Body Fluids and Circulation
Study blood, lymph and the working of the human circulatory system.
Excretory Products and Elimination
Learn how nitrogenous wastes are formed and eliminated from the body.
Locomotion and Movement
Explore the structure of muscles and the mechanism of movement.
Neural Control and Coordination
Understand the organisation and functioning of the human nervous system.
Chemical Coordination and Integration
Study the endocrine system and the role of hormones in body regulation.
Reproduction in Organisms
Explore asexual and sexual modes of reproduction across living organisms.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Understand flower structure, pollination, fertilisation and seed formation.
Human Reproduction
Study the male and female reproductive systems and the process of reproduction.
Reproductive Health
Learn about contraception, sexually transmitted diseases and infertility management.
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Study Mendelian genetics, inheritance patterns and sources of variation.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Explore the structure of DNA and the processes of replication, transcription and translation.
Evolution
Understand the evidence, mechanisms and theories of organic evolution.
Human Health and Disease
Study common diseases, pathogens, immunity and principles of vaccination.
Microbes in Human Welfare
Explore the beneficial roles of microbes in industry, medicine and the environment.
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Learn the tools and techniques of recombinant DNA technology.
Biotechnology and Its Applications
Study the practical applications of biotechnology in agriculture, medicine and industry.
Organisms and Populations
Explore ecological adaptations and population interactions in nature.
Ecosystem
Understand energy flow, food webs and nutrient cycling in ecosystems.
Biodiversity and Conservation
Study the importance of biodiversity and strategies for its conservation.
Cell Biology
Deepen understanding of cell structure, function and intercellular communication.
Genetics
Study inheritance patterns, gene structure and genetic analysis techniques.
Molecular Biology
Explore the molecular mechanisms of gene expression and regulation.
Biochemistry
Study the chemical processes and metabolic pathways that sustain life.
Microbiology
Explore the biology of microorganisms and their interactions with the environment.
Botany
Study the structure, function, diversity and classification of plants.
Zoology
Explore the diversity, structure and function of the animal kingdom.
Plant Physiology
Understand the physiological processes that govern plant life and growth.
Animal Physiology
Study the functioning of organ systems and physiological regulation in animals.
Ecology
Explore interactions between organisms and their physical and biological environments.
Evolutionary Biology
Study the processes that generate biological diversity over time.
Developmental Biology
Understand how a single cell develops into a complex multicellular organism.
Taxonomy and Systematics
Learn the principles of biological classification and phylogenetic analysis.
Biological Statistics and Research Methods
Apply statistical tools and experimental design to biological research.
Immunology
Study the components and functioning of the immune system.
Virology
Explore the structure, replication and pathogenic mechanisms of viruses.
Bacteriology
Study the morphology, physiology and classification of bacteria.
Mycology
Explore the biology, diversity and ecological roles of fungi.
Parasitology
Study parasitic organisms and their interactions with hosts.
Histology and Tissue Biology
Examine the microscopic structure and organisation of tissues.
Embryology
Study the stages of embryonic development and organ formation.
Comparative Anatomy
Compare anatomical structures across different animal groups.
Endocrinology
Explore the structure and function of endocrine glands and hormone action.
Neurobiology
Study the structure and function of the nervous system at cellular and systems levels.
Population Genetics
Analyse genetic variation within and between populations.
Conservation Biology
Study the science of protecting and restoring biodiversity.
Marine Biology
Explore the diversity and ecology of life in marine environments.
Environmental Biology
Study the impact of human activities on ecosystems and environmental health.
Advanced Molecular Genetics
Explore gene regulation, genome organisation and advanced genetic techniques.
Advanced Cell Signaling
Study complex signalling pathways that control cellular behaviour.
Epigenetics
Understand heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve DNA sequence changes.
Genomics
Study the structure, function and evolution of entire genomes.
Transcriptomics
Analyse the complete set of RNA transcripts produced by the genome.
Proteomics
Study the large-scale analysis of proteins and their functions.
Metabolomics
Explore the comprehensive analysis of small-molecule metabolites in biological systems.
Structural Biology
Determine the three-dimensional structures of biological macromolecules.
Advanced Immunology
Deepen knowledge of innate and adaptive immune responses and their regulation.
Advanced Microbiology
Study microbial pathogenesis, host–microbe interactions and advanced techniques.
Advanced Biotechnology
Explore cutting-edge biotechnological tools and their industrial and medical uses.
Bioinformatics
Apply computational methods to analyse biological sequence and structural data.
Systems Biology
Study biological systems as integrated networks of genes, proteins and metabolites.
Advanced Developmental Biology
Explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control development.
Cancer Biology
Study the molecular and cellular basis of cancer initiation and progression.
Stem Cell Biology
Explore the properties, types and potential applications of stem cells.
Regenerative Biology
Study the biological processes that enable tissue repair and regeneration.
Medical Biology
Apply biological principles to the understanding of human disease.
Human Genetics and Genetic Disorders
Study the genetic basis of human diseases and principles of genetic counselling.
Neuroscience
Explore the structure and function of the nervous system and its relation to behaviour.
Plant Biotechnology
Apply biotechnological tools to improve crop plants and agricultural productivity.
Animal Biotechnology
Explore biotechnological applications in animal breeding, health and production.
Industrial Biotechnology
Study the use of biological systems for industrial production of useful compounds.
Agricultural Biotechnology
Apply molecular tools to improve crop traits, yield and sustainability.
Wildlife Biology
Study the biology, ecology and conservation of wild animal populations.
Epidemiology and Public Health Biology
Explore the distribution and determinants of disease in populations.
CRISPR and Genome Editing
Explore precision genome-editing technologies and their biological applications.
Synthetic Biology
Design and construct new biological parts, devices and systems.
Single-Cell Biology
Study cellular heterogeneity and gene expression at the single-cell level.
Personalized and Precision Medicine
Explore how genomic and molecular data guide individualised medical treatment.
Computational Biology
Apply computational approaches to model and analyse complex biological systems.
AI and Machine Learning in Biology
Use artificial intelligence and machine learning for biological discovery.
Microbiome Science
Study the communities of microorganisms that live in and on living hosts.
Climate Change and Biological Systems
Explore how climate change affects organisms, populations and ecosystems.
Experimental Design and Research Methodology
Learn how to design rigorous biological experiments and research studies.
Scientific Writing, Ethics and Literature Review
Develop clear scientific communication skills and understand research integrity.
Biological Data Analysis and Simulation
Master modern tools for analysing biological data and running simulations.
Research Project, Dissertation and Thesis
Plan, execute and present a substantial independent biology research project.
Choose a level. Build your biology knowledge step by step.
This directory organises biology from Class 11 and 12 through bachelor’s, master’s specializations, modern emerging fields, and research preparation. Each topic can have its own course overview, chapter pages, examples, and practice questions. Some course pages still need to be created.